are aerobic, non-spore-forming, Gram-positive, acid-fast bacilli (AFB). This characteristic enables these bacteria to be differentiated from other bacteria based on staining techniques since the high mycolic acid content in the cell wall makes organisms resistant to decolorization with acid alcohol (i.e., “acid fast”). contain mycolic acids in their cell wall and share this characteristic with bacteria of other genera such as Gordonia, Nocardia, Rhodococcus, and Tsukamurella. Furthermore, the review considers the ever-changing health care delivery system and stresses the laboratory's need to adjust and embrace molecular technologies to provide shorter turnaround times and a higher quality of care for the patients who we serve. This review describes contemporary methods for the laboratory diagnosis of mycobacterial diseases.
National Institutes of Health reported an increase from 20 to 47 cases/100,000 persons (or 8.2% per year) of pulmonary nontuberculous mycobacterial disease among adults aged 65 years or older throughout the United States, with 181,037 national annual cases estimated in 2014. Pulmonary nontuberculous mycobacterial disease is an emerging public health challenge. In 2015, the World Health Organization reported 2,037 new cases of Buruli ulcer, with most cases being reported in Africa. India, Brazil, and Indonesia reported the most leprosy cases. In 2015, there were 174,608 new case of leprosy worldwide. In 2016, a total of 9,287 new TB cases were reported in the United States.
In 2015, globally, almost 10 million people developed TB, and almost half a million patients suffered from its multidrug-resistant form. Mycobacteria are the causative organisms for diseases such as tuberculosis (TB), leprosy, Buruli ulcer, and pulmonary nontuberculous mycobacterial disease, to name the most important ones.
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